Osteoporosis

What Is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which bones become weak and brittle due to a loss of bone mass and density. This makes them more susceptible to fractures, even from minor falls or, in severe cases, simple actions like bending or coughing.

Common Symptoms:

• Back pain caused by a broken or collapsed bone in the spine.
• Loss of height over time.
• A stooped posture.
• A bone that breaks much more easily than expected.

Key Facts?

• Bone Remodeling Imbalance: Normally, bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt. In osteoporosis, the rate of bone breakdown exceeds the rate of new bone formation.
• Common Fracture Sites: Hip, spine (vertebrae), and wrist.
• Often Silent Until a Fracture Occurs: Many people don’t know they have it until a fracture happens.

Risk Factors?

• Age: More common in older adults.
• Sex: Women are at greater risk, especially after menopause due to lower estrogen levels.
• Genetics: Family history of osteoporosis or fractures.
• Lifestyle: Poor diet (low calcium/vitamin D), lack of exercise, smoking, and excessive alcohol.
• Medical Conditions: Certain diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis) or medications (like long-term steroids) can contribute.

Diagnosis

• Bone Density Test (DEXA scan): Measures bone mineral density and provides a T-score to assess risk.
• T-score <= -2.5 indicates osteoporosis.

Treatment

• Lifestyle Changes: Adequate calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, fall prevention.
• Medications: Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate), hormone-related therapy, or newer agents like denosumab or romosozumab.